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Our sample size calculation accounted for an item non-response of approximately 30%. An experienced radiologist (J.H.M.) performed the radiographic evaluation. Pre-extraction panoramic radiographs were available for all subjects with extraction sites designated as erratic extraction socket healing. Radiographs were obtained using an orthopantomograph (op100, Instrumentarium Corp, Tuusula, Finland) and automated file processing using an X-ray film digitizer (DiagnosticPro plus x-ray film digitizer, Vidar, Herndon, VA, USA). Panoramic radiographs were evaluated using a computer-assisted system (PiView STAR? 5.0; Informer Technologies, Seoul, Korea). Extraction sockets http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor-library.html were classified into three categories according to the recorded rationale for extraction. In cases where the information regarding the rationale for extraction was missing, the radiologist performed the classification using pre-extraction tooth status (Low et?al. 2008, Janner et?al. 2011) as follows: Sites showing marginal bone loss encompassing more than 50% of the root length or included the furcation(s) in molars were classified as periodontal lesions. Sites presenting with a periapical radiolucency were categorized as endodontic lesions. Extraction sockets yielding evidence of both periodontal and endodontic pathology were considered as periodontal-endodontic lesions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAV2 Sites without written documentation or radiographically discernable pathology were classified as of unknown pathology. Computerized tomography scans (Somatom Sensation 10, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) were available for 69 of 97 subjects diagnosed as having erratic extraction socket healing. Scans were obtained at 175?��?175 FOV, 120?kV, 100?mA, and 0.75?mm http://www.selleckchem.com/GSK-3.html slices. Defect characteristics, number of extraction socket walls, and Hounsfield unit (HU) scores were recorded. Regions of interest were measured on the parasagittal. For each measurement, the largest possible elliptical region of interest was drawn, excluding the cortical and sclerotic margins to prevent volume averaging. Using the digital software, mean HU scores for each point was calculated. The average of these readings represented the density for the site. The oral radiologist recorded each site three times. Each recording was made independently and the mean HU scores for each group were calculated. Data analysis was performed using a statistical software (Stata 11.2 for Mac; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Subjects were dichotomized according to age into