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6?m/s) was a significant predictor of CV death in HD patients. A higher baPWV was associated with CV events including stroke, congestive HF, sudden death and others. In addition, in patients without any CVD history (n?=?117), the top tertile of baPWV was associated with an increased risk of CV death (HR: 10.4, P?=?0.08) (data not shown). In contrast, CAVI did not associate clinical outcomes. These findings collectively suggest that baPWV is useful as a surrogate marker of CV events in dialysis population. It is demonstrated that baPWV and CAVI cannot be estimated properly when arterial occlusion is present at the lower extremities. baPWV is inaccurate when the ABI is reduced lower than 0.95 (31). CAVI becomes also not useful in HD patients with PAD (8). Tanaka et?al. (14) demonstrated that baPWV is not a predictor for CV morbidity and mortality when analyzed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/poziotinib-hm781-36b.html in combination with ABI. So, in this study, we first excluded patients whose ABIs were lower than 0.9 or greater than 1.3 from analyses. Previous studies (13,15) have demonstrated that increased baPWV is a significant predictor of all-cause and CV mortalities in patients with ABI ranging from 0.9 to 1.3. A small reduction of ABI ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay80-6946.html portion of the tibial artery, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYO10 and adjusted by systolic and diastolic BP at the upper brachial artery. In this study, we measured CAVI just before a HD session, so fluid volume excess may preferentially increase systolic BP, and may provoke a greater difference in systolic and diastolic BP at measurement, thereby leading to an underestimation of CAVI value. Second, CAVI is adjusted by the equation of stiffness ��, which is essentially applied to a portion of the aorta. We previously demonstrated that CAVI was inversely correlated with calcified area of the aortic wall in HD patients (20), suggesting that advanced calcification may change smooth muscle contractile in the aorta, and falsely decrease CAVI. Third, CAVI is more affected by smoking habit than baPWV (32). In this study, we found that the prevalence of current smoking habit was more prominent in the top tertile of CAVI. So, cigarette smoking habit might affect the CAVI value. The time points of baPWV and CAVI measurements are somewhat different among HD patients (8�C15). We measured immediately before a HD cycle as described previously (9,10), while others performed these at 30 to 60?min during HD session (12), after the completion of HD (8,13), or at non-dialysis day (14,15).