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Thus, compared to 31P NMR, CrCEST has about three orders of magnitude higher sensitivity. Prolonged strenuous exercise can lead to glycogen breakdown to provide substrates for glycolysis which through the combined production of lactate and ATP hydrolysis lowers pH [39, 40]. This decrease in pH will decrease the exchange rate between Cr amine protons and water protons which will lead to a lower CEST contrast. As the performed exercise was mild and aerobic, most of the energy was obtained from the oxidative TCA cycle and lactate levels and pH remained the same [41]. This was validated with 31P MRS, which showed no shifts in the Pi peak. Finally, a decrease in http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html pH, had it occurred, would lead to a decrease in CrCESTasym, and thus would underestimate the increase http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html in Cr postexercise. Furthermore, in previous work, glycogen has been shown in vitro and in liver in vivo to exhibit a CEST effect around 1.0 ppm from exchange of its hydroxyl (OH) protons with bulk water [42]. However, as no pH changes were observed in 31P MRS, we assume that there is no glycogen contribution to the observed CrCEST changes in the mild exercise used in this study. Hence, glycogen is not expected to contribute to the observed changes in CrCESTasym following plantar flexion exercise used in this study. Changes in pH provide both an opportunity and a confounding effect for CrCEST. It is well known that the Cr concentration returns to baseline faster than http://www.selleck.cn/products/bgj398-nvp-bgj398.html the pH [43, 44]. During strenuous exercise when the pH becomes acidic (