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We then conducted evaluation with multivariate model, including variables found to be significantly associated with all-cause mortality. We obtained a final model after removing non-significant http://www.selleck.cn/products/BIBW2992.html terms. As a result, we included such variables as sex, preexisting cancer, preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD), preexisting diabetes, radiation dose, marked HL, smoking status, and alcohol intake in the model. We also evaluated mortalities caused by coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke, respiratory disease, pneumonia, and cancer. In the same procedure, we analyzed participants excluding 191 participants with prevalent vertebral deformities. We used individual radiation dose estimates on the Radiation Effects Research Foundation's Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02).31 For the mortality analysis, we used the PHREG procedure in SAS program (SAS version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA), with stratification by 5-year intervals of baseline age, for estimation of the parameters and testing. With consideration for parameter distributions, we tested differences between the alive group and the death group using Student's t-tests for continuous variables and ��2 tests for categorical variables. A value of p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html was used for determination of statistical significance. The present study was carried out in accordance with such national regulations as the Ethical Guidelines Concerning Epidemiological Studies (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [MEXT], and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [MHLW]). The study was approved by the Research Protocol Committee and the Human Investigation Committee at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. At the time of the health examinations, informed consent was obtained from the participants. All participants provided written consent for all aspects of the examinations. Characteristics of the participants taken at baseline are shown in Table 1. In men, mean ages?��?1 standard deviation (SD) in the 1994 to 1995 examination period for the alive group were 61.2?��?8.9 years, and 70.3?��?9.1 years for the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html death group, ranging from 47 to 91 years. In women, mean ages were 64.7?��?9.1 years and 73.5?��?8.9 years, respectively, ranging from 47 to 91 years. Mean age of the ��death�� group was significantly higher than that of the ��alive�� group. Mean height loss starting in middle age was 0.83?cm for men and 1.85?cm for women. Figure 2 shows HL distribution by sex. We used �� 2?cm as the cut-off value through the sensitivity analysis, and compared the death group with the alive group. Twenty-one men and 170 women had prevalent vertebral fracture, and 12 men and 44 women had prior history of hip fracture in the 1994 to 1995 examination period. Prevalence of diseases at baseline is presented in Table 1. The proportion of individuals with cancer and CVD appeared to be higher in the death group than in the alive group in both men and women.