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In previous experiments in hippocampus, similar glutamate puffs were shown to be an indicator of Na+�CK+ ATPase activity (Thompson & Prince, 1986; Fukuda & Prince, 1992a,b). In the present experiments under voltage clamp, the glutamate puff induced a fast, large inward http://www.selleckchem.com/products/atezolizumab.html current that quickly decayed, followed by a transient outward current in all cells. An example from an FS interneuron is displayed in Fig. 4A, Control. The glutamate puff was then repeated during blockade of the Na+�CK+ ATPase by bath application of 100 ��m DHO. The resulting current is thus independent of Na+�CK+ ATPase activity and results primarily from the direct glutamate response (DGR) mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (Fig. 4A, DGR). These DGR currents were then averaged and digitally subtracted from the average control responses thereby revealing the isolated DHO-sensitive Na+�CK+ ATPase current (Fig. 4A, Na+�CK+ ATPase Activity) (see Methods for further details). A comparison between the neuronal types (Fig. 4B) revealed that the Na+�CK+ ATPase charge in FS interneurons (13.7 �� 2.2 nC, n= 12) was much greater than that in either PYR1 (2.8 �� 0.3 nC, n= 3) or PYR2 neurons (1.5 �� 0.6 nC, n= 5; P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pembrolizumab.html Next we tested for a potential difference in sensitivity to the glutamate puffs between neuronal groups by varying the duration of the glutamate puff (0.02�C1.0 s) applied to each type of neuron. At glutamate puff durations of 0.5 s and greater, FS interneurons showed more Na+�CK+ ATPase charge than either PYR cell type (P https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephenoxalone the Na+�CK+ ATPase charge (a measure of Na+�CK+ ATPase-induced activity) to the DGR charge (a measure of non-Na+�CK+ ATPase-induced activity), we obtained an estimate of the induced Na+�CK+ ATPase activity independent of any variance in application or responsiveness to the glutamate puff across cell types. The results indicated that both FS and PYR1 neurons exhibited significantly greater normalized charge than PYR2 neurons (P