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1994). Mysostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth factor �� family that is expressed in skeletal muscle and acts as a negative regulator of muscle mass. Several natural mutations in MSTN have been identified in cattle (Grobet et?al. 1997, 1998; Kambadur et?al. 1997, McPherron & Lee 1997; Marchitelli et?al. 2003) sheep (Clop et?al. 2006), mice (Nishi et?al. 2002) and recently human (Schuelke et?al. 2004), and these result in a double-muscling phenotype. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html In addition, a myostatin mutation in whippet dogs was shown to be associated with increased muscling and athletic ability, although no equivalent mutation was found in the closely related greyhound breed (Lee 2007; Mosher et?al.2007). This study seeks to investigate whether there are any specific loci in the equine genome associated with distance specialization in the Thoroughbred horse using a whole genome association approach. DNA was prepared from blood http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Aloxistatin.html and hair samples using standard protocols from 189 Thoroughbred horses that had won Graded Stakes races in North America. The samples represent a random selection of horses that won Graded Stakes races, and no full siblings were included in the sample group. DNA was quantitated with a Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA assay kit (Invitrogen) using a Nanodrop ND3300 fluorospectrometer following the Nanodrop protocol ��PicoGreen assay for dsDNA��. SNP genotyping was carried out with the Equine SNP50 bead chip (Illumina) using standard protocols at the Genotyping Shared Resource facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Quality control of the genotyping data was assessed in several ways. Duplicate samples (n?=?5) revealed a concordance in genotype calls >99.9%. Using PLINK (Purcell et?al. 2007), Mendelian inheritance errors in a trio set of sire/dam/offspring were http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol its expected location on ECA3 using the SNP genotype data and the coat colour phenotypes of the samples tested. Horses were stratified into three distance classes: 7 furlongs and under, 8�C10 furlongs and over 10 furlongs, based on their individual optimum race performances obtained from Equibase. That is, the distance of the horse��s best performance in Graded Stakes races was recorded, and if an individual won the same class of Graded Stakes race at more than one distance, the longer distance was recorded. Association test statistics and permutations to assess statistical significance were determined using the ASSOC and MPERM functions of PLINK.