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?2; P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-methyladenine.html upper panel); in particular, IMPC 2.1 and IMPC 4.1 were the stronger stimulators (22857?��?1580 and 22525?��?5565 vs 4027?��?257, ��cpm, mean?��?SD, IMPC 2.1 and IMPC 4.1 vs DCs alone at 10?:?1 T?:?DCs ratio; P? http://www.selleck.cn/products/Cisplatin.html concentrations did not influence the APC activity of DCs (data not shown). The analysis of the cytokine profile showed that no strain significantly increased TNF-�� secretion in iDCs (Fig.?4a), and levels were much lower than those induced by LPS. Moreover, co-administration of LPS and bacterial strains did not further enhance TNF-�� production. Similar results were obtained by testing strains in the whole concentration range (1?��?104 to 1?��?107 CFU?ml?1; data not shown). On the other hand, only the highest concentration (1?��?107?CFU?ml?1) was able to stimulate the expression of the other examined cytokines (data not shown). All strains induced IL-12 secretion both in iDCs and in mDCs (Fig.?4b), with the exception of strain LMG 23554 that showed a reduced stimulatory ability. Interestingly, a marked differential expression of IL-10 was induced http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0325901.html by bacteria. In particular, IMPC 4.1 and ATCC 334 stimulated the highest levels (Fig.?4c). In contrast, strain LMG 23554 did not induce IL-10 expression. Interestingly, a synergistic activity with LPS was reported for all examined strains. IMPC 4.1 and ATCC 334 were stronger inducers also in mDCs. Finally, all strains induced IL-2 production both in iDCs and in mDCs. Again, IMPC 4.1 and ATCC 334 were the most inductive strains also for this crucial regulatory cytokine (Fig.?4d). An increasing number of studies clearly indicate that probiotic bacterial strains interact with components of the immune system exerting a modulatory effect, which may be different depending on the bacterial strains but also on the different experimental models (Delcenserie et?al. 2008; Borchers et?al. 2009).