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The kidneys of Tg-hgn/hgn were also similar in weight to those of normal rats (Table?1). The macroscopic appearances and the testis and accessory reproductive organ weights in Tg-hgn/hgn suggested that the male hypogonadism was rescued by the transgene and spermatozoa was produced. We performed histological examination of the testis in Tg-hgn/hgn rats at 126?days of age. In the hgn/hgn testis, a few abnormal tubules were observed in the fibrous interstitial tissue, and no spermatogenesis was observed (Fig.?3). Although sections of seminiferous tubules of Tg-hgn/hgn were http://www.selleck.cn/products/Romidepsin-FK228.html slightly smaller in size than in the Tg-hgn/+ testis, spermatogenesis was observed as normal. Sertoli cell, Leydig cells, myoid cells and germ cells at all differential stages were detected and appeared normal http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html in both Tg-hgn/+ and Tg-hgn/hgn testes (Fig.?3). To characterize the testis phenotype of Tg-hgn/hgn in more detail, we performed immunohistochemistry for vimentin (marker of Sertoli cell in seminiferous tubule) (Suzuki et?al., 2004b; Yagi et?al., 2006). Vimentin-positive Sertoli cells were arranged in seminiferous tubules in normal rat testis. In hgn/hgn testis, internal structures of the tubules were disrupted, and the indistinctive cells remained in the tubules were not germ cells, but somatic cells with abnormal vimentin filaments. Although the number of Sertoli cells was less and the thickness of the seminiferous epithelium in Tg-hgn/hgn was shorter than that of normal rat, seminiferous tubules of Tg-hgn/hgn contained the arranged Sertoli cells (Fig. 4). Serum LH concentration of Tg-hgn/hgn was significantly reduced as almost normal level, compared with that of hgn/hgn males (Table?2). Serum concentrations of testosterone in hgn/hgn were significantly less than that of normal rats (p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/nutlin-3a.html of 14 Tg-hgn/+ males 24 times with females led to 23 matings and 22 parturitions. Cohabitation of seven Tg-hgn/hgn males 14 times with females led to 12 matings and parturitions. As shown in Table?4, mating between Tg-hgn/hgn males and Tg-hgn/hgn females produced 13.3?��?4.9?pups. There was no significant difference in litter size between Tg-hgn/+ males and Tg-hgn/hgn males. Therefore, fertility of hgn/hgn was restored by the astrin cDNA transgene. Homozygotes for hgn also exhibit kidney hypoplasia with reduced numbers of nephrons.