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Similarly, the corresponding numbers for the distal radius were 23 (14) and 13 (12), respectively. The preprocessed images then were subjected to a cascade of processing steps before being used as input to the mechanical and topologic analysis (Fig. 1). First, image intensity variations across the volume produced by inhomogeneous sensitivity of the MR receive coil were corrected using a local thresholding algorithm.31 The grayscale voxel values of the intensity-corrected http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html images then were scaled linearly to cover the range from 0% to 100%, with pure marrow and pure bone having minimum and maximum values, respectively. We refer to the resulting 3D array as the bone-volume fraction (BVF) map, with individual voxel values representing the fraction of the voxel occupied by bone (ie, BV/TV). Subsequently, the BVF maps were http://www.selleck.cn/products/s-gsk1349572.html subjected to two different processing paths in preparation for the full cross-sectional and subregional analysis. To enable full cross-sectional analysis, the soft tissue was first segmented out from bone by delineating the periosteal boundary using an operator-guided region-selection program developed in-house.32 Finally, common 5-mm sections along the bone's axial direction were extracted from the images at the three time points for each subject. To prepare the images for subregional analysis, BVF maps were first sinc-interpolated by a factor of 3 in all three image coordinate axes to improve apparent resolution, yielding 45.7?��?45.7?��?137??m3 voxels. The 12- and 24-month repeat images of each subject then were registered in 3D33 to match the corresponding baseline volume using trilinear interpolation. Finally, 10?��?10?��?5?mm3 cuboid subvolumes were extracted from the center of the trabecular bone (TB) region for analysis. To create a finite-element mesh, each voxel in the BVF map was converted directly http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html to a hexahedral (brick) finite element with dimensions corresponding to the voxel size,34 The bone tissue material properties were chosen as isotropic and linearly elastic, with each element's Young's modulus (YM) set to be linearly proportional to the voxel's BV/TV value such that YM?=?15?GPa?��?BVF, while Poisson's ratio was kept constant at 0.3 for all elements. A partial threshold was applied by setting finite elements with BVF?