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Nine pairs of twins participated in the study; the remaining six had lost their twin sibling. The attrition rate was low: in the preterm group, two children missed assessment at two of the five time-points and 11 children at one time-point. Reasons for missed assessments were scheduling problems with the parents or minor illness of the infant. In the term group no assessment was missed. The preterm infants generally had a higher http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html chance of being born small for gestational age, a higher chance to be delivered by Caesarean section, more signs of fetal distress at birth, and a lower 5-minute Apgar score than the infants born at term. Preterm and term infants did not significantly differ in SES and maternal age. Throughout infancy, preterm infants had significantly lower IMP scores than term infants (Mann�CWhitney U, p http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html preterm groups. Univariate analyses showed a significant relation between IMP and SES, gestational age, signs of fetal distress, Caesarean section, and 5-minute Apgar score at nearly all five time-points. These variables were entered into the mixed-effects model. The data were well described by a model (see Table?II) which included, as fixed effects, a quadratic function of age (reflecting a substantial increase in IMP scores with increasing age), gestational age, SES, and 5-minute Apgar score. A nearly equally well-fitting model was obtained by replacing gestational age with birthweight or with preterm status. The best-fitting model also included a random intercept, a random linear age effect, and a within-participant variance that was larger in the preterm group than in the term group (p http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK IV, and one infant had middle cerebral artery infarction on the right side. Infants with serious brain lesions had significantly lower IMP scores at ages 4, 6, 10, and 18?months than infants without serious abnormalities on neonatal ultrasound (Mann�CWhitney U test: p=0.002, 0.003, 0.01, and 0.004 respectively). The mixed-effects analysis revealed that lower IMP scores in the preterm group were associated with serious brain lesions on ultrasound and with SES (Table?III). Our study revealed clear associations between prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal adversities and IMP scores at ages 4 to 18?months in term and preterm infants.