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9% vs. 5.9%, p?= 0.52) or HBV DNA positivity (0% vs. 3.8%, p?= 0.08). In these small patient subgroups with HBIG discontinuation, the type of the hgbNA (ETV or TDF) and the use of a single or two oral antiviral agents had no effect on HBV recurrence. In the patients http://www.selleck.cn/products/MLN8237.html (n?= 112) who received HBIG-free prophylaxis with hgbNA(s), posttransplant HBV recurrence was observed significantly more frequently compared to the combination of HBIG and any NA(s) including LAM (26% vs. 5.4%, p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL184.html of HBsAg seropositivity in HBV transplant patients is unknown. The prognosis of nontransplant chronic hepatitis B patients who maintain HBV DNA undetectability under NA(s) is excellent particularly if they had not developed cirrhosis before treatment [68]. However, the long-term outcome of HBsAg-positive, HBV DNA negative transplant patients under oral antivirals but also under immunosuppressive agents needs further study. Interestingly, in a recent study [69], (20%) of 25 HBV transplant patients http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html who discontinued any anti-HBV prophylaxis became HBsAg-positive, but none of them experienced any clinically relevant event and three eventually cleared HBsAg and achieved seroconversion to anti-HBs without any therapeutic intervention. Thus, in case of HBIG-free post-LT HBV prophylaxis, the definition of HBV recurrence might be reconsidered, as HBsAg seropositivity alone in patients under hgbNA(s) may not have any clinical impact on the long-term graft and patient survival. Long-term drug compliance may arise as an important issue in HBV transplant patients under hgbNA(s) prophylaxis alone, as such patients feel well but remain at life-long risk of HBV recurrence. This is supported by the findings in the study by Buti et?al. [28], in which three (75%) of the four patients with HBV recurrence had poor drug compliance. Hence, close monitoring of HBV transplant recipients on NA(s) prophylaxis would be needed to confirm adherence and to promptly detect HBV recurrence, allowing the early introduction of proper therapeutic interventions to suppress HBV replication. All liver transplant recipients should undergo careful renal function monitoring because of the use of calcineurin inhibitors [2]. Based on the available data from seven studies [8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 19, 21], the use of hgbNA(s) for a median of 24 months had no significant impact on renal function in all but one study [21].