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Samples of plant tissue, litter and soil were collected from 32 heathland sites (Fig.?1) along an N deposition gradient ranging from 13.3 to 30.8?kg?ha?1?year?1. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html Sites were selected to maximize the range of N deposition inputs and to include a number of different geologies and soil types within the survey. At each site, a 25?��?25?m quadrat was positioned randomly in a heathland patch dominated by building-phase (sensuGimingham 1972) Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (henceforth referred to as Calluna), characterized by vigorous growth and a closed canopy. Sample collection took place in late October 2007 to avoid growth dilution effects that could influence tissue nutrient concentrations (Sutton, Pitcairn & Whitfield 2004). The length of current year��s Calluna shoots and depth of the litter layer were measured at 25 regularly distributed points within the (25?��?25?m) sampling area. Soil samples (0�C2 and 2�C5?cm deep) were also collected at these 25 locations and bulked to form a single sample for each depth, per site. During soil sampling, proximate samples of the litter layer and the bryophyte http://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-822.html Hypnum jutlandicum were also taken, where present. At each site, a representative, current year shoot sample was collected from 100 plants, along a regular grid pattern within the 25?��?25?m sampling area. Humus and soil profile measurements were made from a single, central soil pit. All samples were stored in zip-lock bags and kept in a cooler box during transit back to the laboratory where they were refrigerated at 4?��C prior to analysis. Geological information was obtained from the British Geological Society (BGS, 2007). The soil type for each site was determined using mapping data by the Soil Survey of England & Wales (1980) and verified using soil profile observations from the field. Sites were assigned to one of six categories for geology: chalk, clay, gravel, gritstone, sand and sandstone. Soil types were categorized into groups defined as organic�Csand, organic and sand; seven sites were excluded from the soil type analysis due to their being either from poorly defined soils or the sole representatives of widely http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html differing soil type categories. Fresh soil samples were sieved (