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One otariid (female Callorhinus ursinus) occupies a position away from other otariids, including of the same species, within the phocid morphospace and may represent an anomalous data point. Odobenids are generally intermediate, but overlap more with phocids than with otariids. Neither PC3 (male: P?=?0.092, female: P?=?0.90) nor PC4 (male: P?=?0.17, female: P?=?0.64) are significantly correlated with phylogeny, as is clear from the extensive overlap of the three families, as well as the phocid subfamilies, along these axes (Fig. 3). Instead, species with functional specializations occupy the morphological extremes. Negative scores on PC3 indicate an elongated toothrow, with a long symphysis and small muscle attachments, and are most characteristic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YES1 of the filter-feeder, L. carcinophagus. Positive scores on PC3 reflect a short tooth row and very large muscle attachment areas, and are most characteristic http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html of males of male-fighting species, especially M. leonina but also O. byronia (M and O, Fig. 3). PC4 reflects the relative protrusion and rotation of the articular condyle, with H. leptonyx (leopard seal, H in Fig. 3), the grip-and-tear feeder, exhibiting among the most positive (protruding) morphologies. Mandibular lengths, relative to cranial size (species averages), are plotted in Fig. 4. Pinniped jaw length scales at slightly greater than isometry and there is no significant difference in slope (SMATR, P?=?0.214) between phocids (slope?=?1.183, 95% CI: 1.09�C1.28) and otariids (slope?=?1.348, 95% CI: 0.93�C1.76) using reduced major axis regression. However, otariids tend to have longer jaws relative to cranium size than phocids (SMATR, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html 95% prediction interval for phocids, Fig. 4) closer to the otariid condition. Toothrow length scales with slight negative allometry relative to jaw length (slope?=?0.76, 95% CI 0.63�C0.89) (Fig. 5). The filter feeder, L. carcinophagus (red dot, Fig. 5), has a longer toothrow than other pinnipeds (on the 90% prediction interval). Figure 6a shows a box plot of scaled symphysis size for each species-sex group. ANOVA results indicate a significant effect of species (P?