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Response of CH 4 emissions per kg N fertilizer was significantly (P??140?kg?N?ha?1 indicating that substrate switch from CH 4 to ammonia by Methanotrophs may not be a dominant mechanism for increased CH 4 emissions. On the contrary, decreased CH 4 emission in intermittent drainage by N fertilizers has suggested the stimulation of Methanotrophs in rice soils. Effects of N fertilizer stimulated Methanotrophs in reducing CH 4 emissions were modified by the continuous flood irrigation due to limitation of oxygen to Methanotrophs. Greater response of CH 4 emissions per kg N fertilizer in urea than ammonia sulfate probably indicated http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html the interference of sulfate in the http://www.selleck.cn/products/Methazolastone.html CH 4 production process. Overall, response of CH 4 emissions to N fertilizers was correlated with N-induced crop yield (r?=?+0.39; P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-737.html sampled along a chronosequence of 0�C2000?years of rice�Cwheat rotation systems and adjacent non-paddy systems (50�C700?years) in the Bay of Hangzhou (Zhejiang province, China). The soil BC content and its degree of condensation were assessed using benzene-polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) as geochemical markers. The results showed that despite regular long term BC input, BC only contributed 7�C11% of total soil organic carbon (SOC) in the topsoil horizons. Nevertheless, along with SOC, paddy soils accumulated BC with increasing duration of management until 297?years to reach a steady-state of 13?t?BC?ha?1. This was 1.8 times more than in non-paddy soils. The fate of BC in paddy soils (0�C1?m) could be modeled revealing an average annual input of 44?kg?ha?1?yr?1, and a mean residence time of 303?years. The subsoils contributed at least 50% to overall BC stocks, which likely derived from periods prior to land embankment and episodic burial of ancient topsoil, as also indicated by BPCA pattern changes. We conclude that there is a significant but limited accumulation of C in charred forms upon prolonged paddy management. The final contribution of BC to total SOC in paddy soils was similar to that in other aerobic ecosystems of the world.