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Conclusions & Inferences?These findings provide new evidence showing that the pancreatic CB1-r/CB2-r system modulates pro-inflammatory factor levels in rat exocrine pancreatic acinar cells. The dual, time-dependent WIN55,212-induced changes in the development and course of acute pancreatitis support the idea that the role of the endogenous CB receptor system differs according http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK to the local inflammatory status. ""Background? It has been reported that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease is high in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). End-inspiratory intra-esophageal pressure decreases progressively during OSA, which has been thought to facilitate GER in OSA patients. The aim of our study was to clarify the mechanisms of GER during sleep (sleep-GER) in OSA patients. Methods? Eight OSA patients with reflux esophagitis (RE), nine OSA patients without RE, and eight healthy controls were studied. Polysomnography with concurrent esophageal manometry and pH recording were performed. Key Results? Significantly more sleep-GER occurred in OSA patients with RE than without RE or in controls (P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html related to preceding arousals and shallow sleep, but the number of TLESR events was not related to RE. Conclusions & Inferences? In OSA http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html patients, sleep-GER was mainly caused by TLESR, but not by negative intra-esophageal pressure due to OSA. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been the topic of many studies.1 Investigators have reported that the prevalence of GERD or reflux esophagitis (RE) is high in OSA patients as revealed by symptomatology,2,3 esophageal pH monitoring,4 and endoscopic findings.2 In addition, it has been thought that nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is induced by OSA as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) reduced nocturnal GER events in OSA patients.5 Esophageal pressure is measured as the most sensitive marker of inspiratory effort in sleep studies in place of intrathoracic pressure.6 In previous studies, esophageal pressure measurements have shown that end-inspiratory esophageal pressure gradually decreases relative to respiratory efforts during OSA events.6�C8 Based on this finding, the pressure gradient between negative esophageal pressure and positive gastric pressure during OSA has been assumed to induce GER events.