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To better assess differences across FGF-23 level, the study population was sorted into equally sized quartiles. Linear trends across quartiles were assessed using linear regression used for continuous variables and the Cochran�CArmitage test for binary variables. Differences between categorical variables were assessed using chi-square tests. The association of baseline characteristics with FGF-23 level was assessed using univariate and multivariable linear regression with log-transformed FGF-23 as the outcome variable in these models. The resulting �� coefficients were exponentiated, yielding a geometric mean ratio for each independent variable. Percentage difference in the outcome http://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html (FGF-23) for each covariate (per standard deviation for continuous variables) was calculated by taking 1 minus the geometric mean ratio and multiplying by 100. Sex, race, history of CVD, and 25OH vitamin D were forced into the multivariable model due to previously reported associations with FGF-23,[12, 15, 28, 29] while selection of the remaining terms was based on a P? http://www.selleck.cn/products/pf-06463922.html due to a skewed distribution, representing the doubling of FGF-23 level) and FGF-23 quartiles of equal size, with the primary outcomes representing memory (factor 1) and executive function (factor 2), derived from the principal factor analysis method described earlier. Three multivariable models were constructed as follows: (1) a parsimonious model was created with adjustment for age, sex, and education; (2) an expanded model included additional adjustment for history of CVD and race, which were forced into the model based on previously reported possible associations with FGF-23,[11, 15] as well as factors that demonstrated differences across quartiles of FGF-23 (P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/erastin.html and 25OH vitamin D. Secondary analyses repeated the above multivariable analyses for each individual cognitive test. As the Trails B test is a time-limited test, a Tobit regression with censoring at 300 seconds was used.[30] As the assay to measure parathyroid hormone (PTH) changed during the study period, PTH was not included in the main analyses. However, PTH was included as a covariate in sensitivity analyses for all cognitive tests, including the two factors. Analyses were performed using R, version 2.15.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Participants with FGF-23 measured were similar to those without available samples with regard to age, sex, and race/ethnicity, but had shorter dialysis vintage and higher level of education. The mean age of study participants was 63 years, 46% were woman and 22% were African American (Table?1).