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Participants were asked to start with either the right or the left hand in an alternating sequence to prevent systematic error. In most cases, two measurements per participant were conducted to gain a more comprehensive sample of data points. The interval between the two consecutive tasks was 1 to 3?minutes. Data were digitally converted (by an analogue-to-digital converter) and stored in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK a personal computer for offline analysis (for a detailed description of the apparatus see Hermsdorfer et?al.20). Mirror movements were quantified as the amplitude ratio of the activity of the mirror and active hand during the time frame between identified force minima and maxima of the voluntary active hand: For a detailed description of the analysis see Uttner et?al.21 To account for strength differences, the mirror-movement ratio was adjusted by the ratio of the individual maximum grip force of both hands. As mirror-movement ratios are measured in the same individual for the experimental factors, we accounted for the correlated nature of these measurements by using a linear mixed-effects model, which allows the regression coefficients to differ between http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html participants. For our modelling proposals we used random intercepts only. To satisfy the assumption of normality, mirror-movement ratios were transformed by using a restricted set of powers (?3, ?2, ?1, ?0.5, 0 [=logarithmic transformation], 0, 5, 1, 2, 3), usually called the ��ladder of powers��. We combined the mixed-effects model with the approach of fractional polynomials of first and second degree,22 which uses the above-mentioned set of powers forming polynomials of first and second degree respectively. This method enabled us to model the expected non-linear relation between mirror-movement ratios and age. We fitted a mixed-effects model which was adjusted by sex, age, and handedness (fixed-effects terms) in addition to the three experimental factors (��voluntarily active hand��, ��frequency��, and ��sequence of measurements��). This model allowed the intercept to vary by person (random-effects term). We modelled the relation between the factors sex, age, handedness, and active hand-grip force maximum http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html as well as absolute frequency in a similar manner. The data of the clinical tests were modelled using logistic regression of ordinal logistic proportional odds combined with fractional polynomials. Statistical significance was taken as a p