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All of these results show that characterization of CFAEs by multiple short recording windows does not change the significant differences in CFAE characteristics between longstanding and acutely induced AF detected by the conventional 8s recording windows (Table?II). When using the NSE estimator, highly significant http://www.selleck.cn/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html differences were observed in comparing all paroxysmal versus persistent spectral parameters (Tables?I and II). The same analysis was performed separately for antral and free wall findings (Tables?III and IV). The 2s results for antral sites alone (Table?III) are unchanged, in fact nearly identical, compared to the pooled data from all sites shown in Table?I. For the NSE spectral estimator, all three parameters are significantly different in longstanding AF compared with acute-onset AF in patients with paroxysmal AF (Table?III). The averaged 2s measurements distinguished according to whether the site was located at the antrum of the PVs or at a free wall site, shown in Table?III, are similar to single 8s measurements, shown in Table?IV. Using NSE parameters as an estimate for average AF cycle length, there is a suggestion that DF decreases in the direction http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html from the PV antral sites to the left atrial free wall sites, but the difference in the means does not reach significance (Tables?III and IV). We have also compared the differences in DA and MP as parameters of stability, recorded from the PV antrum sites and the left atrial free wall sites. The P values are shown in Tables?III and IV. Overall, these results suggest that the stability of electrical activation increases away from the PVs, and toward the left atrial free wall, but that this gradient is much more marked http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html for acutely induced AF compared with longstanding AF where stability (or lack of stability) is more uniformly distributed (Tables?III and IV). The coefficient of variation (COV) values for 2s measurements is shown in Table?V. The difference in DF variability between acute-onset and longstanding AF was highly significant (P