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Potential confounders were selected based on prior knowledge, including http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pirfenidone.html age, sex (male/female), education level (illiteracy, primary school, middle school and above), previous income (continuous), body mass index (BMI, continuous), smoking pack-years (continuous), family history of EC (any malignancy in first-degree relatives) and study site (Ganyu, Dafeng). To minimize age confounding and to account for age matching, we used fine categories of age (under 50, 50�C51, 52�C53, 54�C55, 56�C57, 58�C59, 60�C61, 62�C63, 64�C65, 66�C67, 68�C69, 70�C71, 72�C73, 74�C75, 76�C77, 78�C79, 80 and over) in the adjusted models as suggested by previous study.21 Effect modifications were evaluated by stratified analyses. Gene�Cenvironment and gene�Cgene interactions were assessed at both additive and multiplicative scales. The stratum with the lowest risk in joint effect models was used as the reference category in interaction analyses as suggested http://www.selleck.cn/products/Paclitaxel(Taxol).html by Knol et al.22 Multiplicative interaction was assessed by including both the main effect variables and their product terms in the logistic regression models. Three additive interaction measurements suggested by Knol et al.,23 relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (SI) were calculated. The 95% CI of RERI, AP and SI were estimated by the delta method.24, 25 In the absence of an additive interaction, RERI and AP amount to 0 and SI amounts to 1. ABI: Applied Biosystems; ADHs: alcohol dehydrogenases; ALDHs: aldehyde dehydrogenases; AP: attributable proportion due to interaction; BMI: body mass index; CIs: confidence intervals; EC: esophageal cancer; ESCC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GWAS: genome-wide association http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Maraviroc.html studies; IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; LD: linkage disequilibrium; ORs: odds ratios; RERI: relative excess risk due to interaction; SI: synergy index; SNPs: single-nucleotide polymorphisms; UADT: upper aerodigestive tract From 2003 to 2007, 1,520 cases and 1,683 controls were recruited in this study. However, because the quality of DNA samples was greatly improved after 2004, genotyping was only performed among those recruited after 2004. We did not observe difference between those who recruited before and after 2004 on basic demographic characteristics. A total of 846 EC cases and 1,079 controls were included in this analysis. Compared to population controls, cases had lower levels of education, previous income and BMI (Table 1). More cases were males, smokers and had family history of EC than controls. Ever alcohol drinking was associated with increased risk of EC with OR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.12�C1.84), after adjusting for potential confounders (Table 2). Positive dose-response relationships were observed with increased frequency and amount of alcohol drinking (P for trend