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All patients were prescribed a beta-blocker or non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist together with flecainide if there were no contraindications. Anticoagulation therapy was administered according to international guidelines. We used descriptive statistics and graphical methods to characterize the cohort. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean?��?standard deviation. To determine the observed mortality, we compared the observed number of deaths with the expected number of deaths using mortality rates from the general Swedish population (2000�C2008) by calculating standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). The SMRs were adjusted for age (5-year groups) and gender and calculated for all-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD was defined as IHD (ICD-10 I20-25), cardiac arrhythmia (ICD-10 http://www.selleck.cn/products/PD-0332991.html I46-49), heart failure (ICD-10 I50) and stroke (ICD-10 I61, 63-64). SMRs were presented with confidence intervals, assuming that the observed and expected number of deaths followed a Poisson distribution. Events, defined as SCD and proarrhythmia [i.e. 1?:?1 atrial flutter (AFL), wide QRS tachycardia or syncope during exercise], were presented as annualized incidence rates per 100 person-years with associated confidence intervals assuming a poisson distribution. To characterize patients with events, they were grouped together and compared against the rest of the cohort. Proportions were compared by Pearson��s chi-square test without continuity correction or Fisher��s exact test when appropriate and Student��s t-test for continuous normally distributed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1155463.html variables. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare variables with skewed distributions. A P-value http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-5083.html significant. Statistical calculations were made with JMP? 7 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Patient demographics are presented in Table?1. A total of 112 patients were started on flecainide treatment between 1998 and 2006 with follow-up until 1 December 2008. Of these patients, 104 (93%) had AF alone and eight (7%) had AF and AFL. All patients had assessed the use of conventional beta-blocking therapy prior to flecainide treatment. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed clinically significant but stable valvular disease in four patients (moderate mitral, tricuspid and aortic insufficiency in one, two and one patients, respectively). Left atrial enlargement (>45?mm) was found in 26 patients (23%). All patients had an ejection fraction (EF) >45%, and the mean EF was 61?��?6%. A symptom-limited exercise test was performed in 97 (87%) patients. No patient had signs of myocardial ischaemia, according to the ECG, or suffered from chest pain during the test. The mean maximal workload was 171?��?62?W. Coronary angiography was performed in seven patients