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Methods:? A total of 95 patients with mood disorders (46 with bipolar I disorder and 49 with unipolar nonpsychotic depression) were assessed 15?years after index hospitalization. Logistic and linear regression models were used to identify predictors of global functioning, work disability, and social adjustment. Results:? At 15-year follow-up, good overall functioning was significantly less common among subjects with bipolar disorder (35%) than unipolar depression (73%) (p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html more extensive in bipolar than unipolar disorder subjects (p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cisplatin.html than bipolar disorder diagnosis and the absence of a depressive episode in the preceding year. Past-year depressive, but not past-year manic, syndromes were associated with poorer global outcome and greater work disability. In addition, subsyndromal depression was significantly associated with poorer global, work, and social outcome among bipolar, but not unipolar disorder subjects. Conclusions:? A majority of individuals with bipolar I disorder manifest problems with work and global functioning 15?years after an index hospitalized manic episode Recurrent syndromal and subsyndromal depression disrupts multiple domains of functional outcome more profoundly in bipolar than unipolar mood disorders. The prevalence, and correlates, of impaired long-term outcome parallel those reported in shorter-term functional outcome studies of bipolar disorder. ""Mac��do DS, Medeiros CD, Cordeiro RC, Sousa FC, Santos JV, Morais TA, Hyphantis TN, McIntyre RS, Quevedo J, Carvalho AF. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid in an animal model of mania induced by d-amphetamine. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 707�C718. ? 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation ? 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Objectives:? Oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors are involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound with strong antioxidant properties. The present study investigated ALA effects in an amphetamine-induced http://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-821.html model of mania. Methods:? In the reversal protocol, adult mice were first given d-amphetamine (AMPH) 2?mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.) or saline for 14?days. Between days 8 and 14, the animals received ALA 50 or 100?mg/kg orally, lithium (Li) 47.5?mg/kg i.p., or saline. In the prevention paradigm, mice were pretreated with ALA, Li, or saline prior to AMPH. Locomotor activity was assessed in the open-field task. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC), and striatum (ST). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured in the HC.