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Specifically, there was a significant position*treatment interaction (z?=?20.43, P? http://www.selleck.cn/products/XL184.html Fig.?1A). The main effect of position was also found to be significant (z?=?5.115, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html a significant treatment*position interaction (z?=?12.93, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html plants (Marquis 1984). Recent evidence shows that herbivore pressure increases toward the equator (Salazar & Marquis 2012), suggesting that the selection pressure for anti-herbivory strategies will be stronger in the tropics. In response to herbivore pressure, plants have evolved a suite of different defensive strategies (Walling 2000). Defensive strategies designed to directly repel herbivores, however, may be costly, requiring the production of metabolically expensive chemicals that can affect plant fitness (van Hulten et?al. 2006). To avoid paying these chemical costs, several plant species recruit ants to consume their herbivores resulting in a tri-trophic, indirect defence (Heil 2008, Stanton & Palmer 2011). The recruitment of predatory arthropods, however, might incur other costs in terms of chemical synthesis (Hoballah et?al. 2004) or the production of novel structures to serve as habitat for arthropod predators (Stanton & Palmer 2011). The importance of ants as consumers of herbivores makes them ideal candidates to act as biological control agents in tropical agriculture (Rickson & Rickson 1998, Philpott 2005).