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The herb competition co-variable values were calculated for each planted seedling in the spring (late May) and summer (mid-July) using the first factor scores obtained from a Principal Component Analysis on herb cover, soil volumetric water content and photon flux density around the seedlings. The values of soil water content and irradiance were relative values from field measurements taken under each Retama canopy and in each gap; they were calculated as the relative reduction in soil humidity and irradiance in the microsite with herbs with respect to the adjacent microsite without herbs. This removes the effect http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html of the nurse shrub. As the �� of many of the plants exceeded the measurement limit of the pressure chamber (6.8?MPa) in both years, data were grouped into �� classes, and the effect of year, position, herb competition and initial seedling volume was analysed by an ordinal multinomial lineal model with a generalized logit link. Data were checked for normality and homogeneity of variance, and were transformed, when necessary, to correct deviations from these assumptions. All statistical analyses were performed with the statistica 6.0. package (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA), except the semi-parametric manova, which was performed with r.2.8 (R Development Core Team 2008). Herbs and the http://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-822.html Retama canopy reduced irradiance similarly in both years (statistical results not shown). The Retama canopy reduced http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html irradiance by 33%. The reduction of irradiance by herbs was greater in gaps than under the Retama canopy (Position?��?Herb competition interaction, Table?1). The Retama canopy with herbs was the microsite with the lowest irradiance. Leaf and soil temperature were significantly lower under the Retama canopy than in gaps. Neither soil chemical properties nor relative humidity or temperature of the air significantly differed among the four microsites (Table?1). Soil water content in spring was 14% higher in 2007 than in 2006, while in summer it was 16% lower in 2007 than in 2006 (Year?��?Season interaction; F1,302?=?45.63, P?