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A Pathway to Success

Among Ivy League institutions, Cornell is leading the way in admitting and encouraging community college transfers.

By David Pluviose

With the total price tag of a bachelor’s degree from a top-tier U.S. college or university hovering around $150,000, even some of the most highly sought-after high school graduates are turning down universities like Yale and Stanford in favor of more economical options — community colleges. Skyrocketing tuitions and anti-affirmative action campaigns are turning many elite schools into domains strictly for the wealthy and White, say study groups like U.S. Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings’ Commission on the Future of Higher Education.

But several Ivy League universities are working to counter the trend by offering free tuition to students from low-income families. Harvard University led the way, announcing last year that any incoming student whose family makes less than $60,000 a year would get free tuition. Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., has taken its outreach efforts to another level, announcing plans to launch its “Pathway to Success” program this fall. The initiative actively seeks out and provides advising and financial support to transfers from two local higher education institutions — Morrisville State College and Monroe Community College.

Chandra Joos, Cornell’s associate director of admissions and transfer coordinator, says a number of factors, including land-grant status, have driven Cornell’s institutional predisposition to serve the underserved. But Cornell’s mission to remain accessible to students from all economic and social strata stems from the “any person, any study” mantra of Cornell’s namesake, Ezra Cornell.

As a result, one in four Cornell undergrads is likely to have transferred in. Of the transfer students, about 33 percent came from a community college. Joos says that among Ivy League schools, Cornell, “by far, brings in the highest percentage and also the largest number of transfer students each year — particularly from two-year institutions. The transfer population is so small at our peer institutions that not everyone has the transfer coordinator role or title in their job description like I do.”

The Pathway To Success program is funded by a $810,800 grant from the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation, which provides a host of scholarships for underprivileged students. The foundation places a particular emphasis on helping community college transfers gain access to and pay for a four-year degree.

“A lot of these institutions have been focusing on the lack of socioeconomic diversity, yet there has been no discussion about the community college student,” she says. “We want to be sure that students who are able to succeed at these schools have the opportunity to go. And we know that many of the top community college students are qualified, and when given the opportunity, will succeed at these colleges.”

Issues of Access
The issue of access — or the lack thereof — for underprivileged students was a key item on the agenda for the Commission on the Future of Higher Education, as the members indicated in their final report to Spellings.

“We found that access to higher education in the United States is unduly limited by the complex interplay of inadequate preparation, lack of information about college opportunities and persistent financial barriers,” the report says. “We are especially troubled by gaps in college access for low-income Americans and ethnic and racial minorities. Notwithstanding our nation’s egalitarian principles, there is ample evidence that qualified young people from low-income families are far less likely to go to college than their similarly qualified peers from high-income families.”

Commission member and Trinity University professor Arturo Madrid decries what he sees is a higher education system that is increasingly predisposed to “privileging the privileged.” Madrid says the presence of two-year Montgomery College President Charlene Nunley on the commission helped call attention to the struggles of underprivileged students. Nunley discussed “the range of things that community colleges do and how effectively they can do them if given the support, including the support to be able to move their students on past two years and into the four-year institutions,” says Madrid.

“I remember a moment, when you might say it crystallized,” he says. “The then-president of Kalamazoo College, when asked about tuition costs rising, said, ‘We will charge what the traffic will bear.’”

Madrid explains that top private schools are willing to boost their tuitions because they know many families will find the money to send their children there. As a result, the public institutions they compete with must raise their tuitions by exorbitant rates to prove that they are also elite schools.

“Who’s getting left out clearly are those students who don’t have those extraordinary profiles, who don’t have the background and experience to say, ‘OK, that’s within the realm of my possibility,’” Madrid says.

Monroe Community College associate  vice president Anthony J. Felicetti says Cornell’s transfer initiative reflects a larger trend where talented high school graduates shun the elite institutions, opting instead to enroll in community college and transfer down the road. He says the $150,000 or so needed to finance a four-year education at a top-tier university is “completely out of reach” for the average middle-class family.

“I would say that at the more prestigious private schools, you’re looking at an annual budget of between $35,000 and $40,000,” Felicetti says. “Over the last seven or eight years, we’re now seeing many more students who are very capable academically, who can easily earn admission to a four-year college, but who choose Monroe or choose a community college because the cost factor has become such a big issue for them. Much of our enrollment growth over the last decade has been built on the backs of those we call ‘students with choice.’”

Madrid says though Cornell has made a positive stride to increasing access, he’s more concerned about escalating tuitions at less selective schools.

“I don’t think that Cornell has to do that. Within the pool of students that are eligible to get to Cornell and graduate from Cornell, there’s a fairly large pool that they could tap into,” he says.

However, concerning the myriad public institutions that most students attend, Madrid adds, “They’re underfunded, they’re understaffed, the tuition has gone up tremendously and people are having to organize their academic lives around their work lives increasingly. It used to be people organized their work around their college life,” Madrid says.

Felicetti says it shouldn’t come as a surprise that Cornell leads the way among Ivy League institutions in opening its doors to community college transfers. “[Cornell] has always been sort of at the forefront with transfers, although this is a little different, with them targeting some community colleges,” he says. “We’re thrilled to be a partner with them on it.”

Cornell regularly holds information sessions on Monroe’s campus, Felicetti says. The university held a forum at a recent presentation to Rochester-area high school students to discuss the myriad opportunities available at the Ivy League school.

“I would say they spent 75 percent of their time talking about the Pathway to Success program, and the benefit that students might have to come to the community college first and then transfer on to Cornell through this program,” Felicetti says. “That is another demonstration of the level of commitment I think that they have. Cornell has put a stake in the ground on this one, and I think they should be commended for it.” 

He suggests that many community college students “have been excluded — maybe not intentionally — based on not only ethnicity, but economics from these prestigious, high-cost institutions.”

Froimson says the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation hopes the grant that funds the Pathway initiative will help break the barriers keeping community college students from enrolling at the nation’s most selective universities.

“We hope that this initiative will increase the awareness of the talent that exists at the community college level. There are signs that it has,” she says. “And we know that since almost half of undergraduates are in community colleges, that this is a necessary pipeline for the elite colleges to tap into, if they are interested in economic diversity.”

© Copyright 2007 by DiverseEducation.com

Entrepreneurial Lessons From The Blue Whale

By David Cross

The first day, our new restaurant was jam-packed. People queued up to sample the food, and we immediately made a profit. We had an incredible chef, and the waiters were efficient and always full of alacrity. The restaurant thrived that whole summer, and our reputation spread across town.

That is, until the summer holidays ended and we had to go back to school.

It was 1975 and, at the age of 10, The Blue Whale Cafe was my first attempt at running my own business. My sister and I cadged food from our mum, and paid for our other (minimal) expenses from our piggy banks.

The menu was simple. Mum happily made cheese sandwiches (regular or toasted) and cups of tea for our customers (neighbors who stopped by on the way to do their daily shopping). Our tables were fabricated from apple and orange crates commandeered from local stores, and our chairs were sequestered from our dining room. Since most of the food and labor was free, it's not surprising that we were a financial success.

I believe that even if a child doesn't grow up to become a full-fledged "entrepreneur," the skills they develop by practicing entrepreneurship at an early age are invaluable in life. Running a business teaches self-sufficiency, creativity, persistence, and collaboration. It builds confidence and teaches you how to work through failures until you reach success.

So when my three sons - ages 10 to 13 - recently decided to start their own business, I encouraged them from the beginning... and was happy to help them along the way.

Here's how it happened...

Though my boys visit me and my wife frequently here in the U.S., they live in Europe. With the U.S. dollar being so weak lately, their trips to the States have been incredibly cheap. And the things they're passionate about - including musical instruments, Yugio cards, and skateboard gear - are three to four times cheaper here.
 
Needless to say, their friends in Europe started asking my sons to bring back some of these goodies for them. My sons were happy to do it - but I have to confess to planting the seed of profit in their minds. "Rather than just bringing back a few things for your friends," I said, "why not see if you can help finance your own 'habits' by buying stuff in the U.S. and selling it abroad?"

They agreed with my logic, and wanted to start with skateboarding gear.

We did a little research and found that a skateboard that sells for $80 in stores in Europe can be as little as $30 in the U.S. Even adding import duty to that would bring their actual cost to no more than $38. We decided that they'd sell their wares for $60.

We discussed the importance of making a profit in business. And we laid out a plan for handling their income. They agreed that they would save most of the money they made... perhaps invest a little in producing a brochure that they could hand out at school.

We also talked about what would happen if their venture really started to grow. For one thing, it would make it possible for them to go directly to skateboard manufacturers and negotiate better prices for their merchandise. But, at some point, it would also mean that they would have to pay taxes on their profits.

"Taxes?!" was their unanimous cry. And though there was no immediate need to worry about it, we decided it would a good idea for them to get into the mindset of running a real business and at least understand how taxes affect profitability.

My sons spread the word at school about great gear at great prices, and drew up a list of who wanted what. They took a deposit with each order that would cover their costs even if the purchaser didn't go through with the deal.

What they now have is a low-risk venture with relatively good profit potential. They started small - with no capital outlay - selling something they know a lot about. They also have a somewhat captive marketing audience at school and in their friends. If the business grows, their challenge will be to bring more and more items into the country - and, if the demand exceeds the number of trips they can make, to see if they can still make a profit if they have to pay shipping costs.

Fostering Entrepreneurship in Children

Whether it's a "restaurant" fabricated from fruit crates, a perfume made from flower petals and water (one of my sister's early ventures), a lemonade stand, or my sons' skateboard importing business, I've learned a few things over the years about the benefits of fostering an entrepreneurial "can-do" spirit in children.

1. Share Your Enthusiasm to Make a Business Out of Things Your Children Already Love. It's easier to go with the flow than to push water uphill. I could have spent months trying to persuade my kids to start their own restaurant... but that just wasn't their passion. They were interested in skateboarding. So a business based on that was a great foundation upon which to grow a new business idea.

2. Plant Seeds and Let Them Grow. Kids are smart and can work a lot out for themselves. But they may need you to suggest a few "What if?" questions that allow them to see wider possibilities than the one they saw initially.

3. Help Your Children Prepare for Potential Challenges. I asked my boys questions that would prepare them for dealing with order cancellations, import duties, and taxes.

4. Ask Questions - but Let Them Work Out the Answers. This is the kids' project. You want them to feel a sense of achievement as a result of their entrepreneurial venture - not that you did the whole thing for them. You can help out where necessary. But remember, children are incredibly resourceful. They can figure out things for themselves... with a little nudge here and there from you. Let them know that you are always available to help them, but stand back and give them a chance to do as much as possible themselves. Yes, they will make mistakes - but, though disappointing, mistakes are some of the best teachers.

5. Involve Both Parents. This is important whether you are together or separated. Your spouse (or ex) can offer ideas, insights, and experience that your children can benefit from.

6. Recognize the Difference Between Ideas and Actions. This is a big concept for anyone - adults and children alike. You can come up with "great" ideas for projects or businesses. But until you put them into action, nothing happens. By getting a few projects going yourself, you can give your children the courage to try their own.

7. Persistence Pays. The twin of action is persistence - staying the course. And encouraging your children to dip their toes into entrepreneurship teaches them how to handle "failure" and not give up. In any undertaking, there will be unexpected setbacks. And entrepreneurship is the perfect way for your kids to learn how to cope with those setbacks and think their way through creative solutions.

8. Clear the Path. Your kids are never too young to learn about theReady, Fire, Aim approach to achieve success in any endeavor. Too much planning and over-thinking is the enemy of action. Teach your children to get a project started - and then build upon what they discover.

9. Don't Make Money Goal #1. Not every project has to make a profit in order to have value. So don't discourage your kids if they aren't interested in making a buck. If, for example, your daughter wants to put on a free piano recital in your backyard and have attendees donate money to orphans in Africa, that is a wonderful goal. The point is to help your children become strong and happy, not to impose your own vision upon them. Because if your kids enjoy what they're doing, they'll be much more likely to achieve success.

The greatest gift my parents ever gave me was this single piece of career advice: "We don't care what you do as long as you're happy." This has inspired some interesting choices along the way. But I can honestly look back and say that although some of the choices I've made have been plain hard work, I've never had a dull, boring, or unhappy job in my life. And my sister and brother say the same thing.

For me, the main benefit in the time I've spent teaching my kids about entrepreneurship has been the fun we've had learning new things together. That, and discovering more about what my kids are passionate about. At the same time, I know I've been helping them learn some major life skills.

eorge Washington, sometime before the age of 16, transcribed Rules of Civility & Decent Behaviour In Company and Conversation. (Original errors in numbering have been corrected; original spelling is unchanged.)

1st Every Action done in Company, ought to be with Some Sign of Respect, to those that are Present.

2d When in Company, put not your Hands to any Part of the Body, not usualy Discovered.

3d Shew Nothing to your Freind that may affright him.

4th In the Presence of Others Sing not to yourself with a humming Noise, nor Drum with your Fingers or Feet.

5th If You Cough, Sneeze, Sigh, or Yawn, do it not Loud but Privately; and Speak not in your Yawning, but put Your handkercheif or Hand before your face and turn aside.

6th Sleep not when others Speak, Sit not when others stand, Speak not when you Should hold your Peace, walk not on when others Stop.

7th Put not off your Cloths in the presence of Others, nor go out your Chamber half Drest.

8th At Play and at Fire its Good manners to Give Place to the last Commer, and affect not to Speak Louder than Ordinary.

9th Spit not in the Fire, nor Stoop low before it neither Put your Hands into the Flames to warm them, nor Set your Feet upon the Fire especially if there be meat before it.

10th When you Sit down, Keep your Feet firm and Even, without putting one on the other or Crossing them.

11th Shift not yourself in the Sight of others nor Gnaw your nails.

12th Shake not the head, Feet, or Legs rowl not the Eys lift not one eyebrow higher than the other wry not the mouth, and bedew no mans face with your Spittle, by approaching too near him when you Speak.

13th Kill no Vermin as Fleas, lice ticks &c in the Sight of Others, if you See any filth or thick Spittle put your foot Dexteriously upon it if it be upon the Cloths of your Companions, Put it off privately, and if it be upon your own Cloths return Thanks to him who puts it off.

14th Turn not your Back to others especially in Speaking, Jog not the Table or Desk on which Another reads or writes, lean not upon any one.

15th Keep your Nails clean and Short, also your Hands and Teeth Clean yet without Shewing any great Concern for them.

16th Do not Puff up the Cheeks, Loll not out the tongue rub the Hands, or beard, thrust out the lips, or bite them or keep the Lips too open or too Close.

17th Be no Flatterer, neither Play with any that delights not to be Play'd Withal.

18th Read no Letters, Books, or Papers in Company but when there is a Necessity for the doing of it you must ask leave: come not near the Books or Writings of Another so as to read them unless desired or give your opinion of them unask'd also look not nigh when another is writing a Letter.

19th let your Countenance be pleasant but in Serious Matters Somewhat grave.

20th The Gestures of the Body must be Suited to the discourse you are upon.

21st: Reproach none for the Infirmaties of Nature, nor Delight to Put them that have in mind thereof.

22d Shew not yourself glad at the Misfortune of another though he were your enemy.

23d When you see a Crime punished, you may be inwardly Pleased; but always shew Pity to the Suffering Offender.

24th Do not laugh too loud or too much at any Publick Spectacle.

25th Superfluous Complements and all Affectation of Ceremonie are to be avoided, yet where due they are not to be Neglected.

26th In Pulling off your Hat to Persons of Distinction, as Noblemen, Justices, Churchmen &c make a Reverence, bowing more or less according to the Custom of the Better Bred, and Quality of the Person. Amongst your equals expect not always that they Should begin with you first, but to Pull off the Hat when there is no need is Affectation, in the Manner of Saluting and resaluting in words keep to the most usual Custom.

27th Tis ill manners to bid one more eminent than yourself be covered as well as not to do it to whom it's due Likewise he that makes too much haste to Put on his hat does not well, yet he ought to Put it on at the first, or at most the Second time of being ask'd; now what is herein Spoken, of Qualification in behaviour in Saluting, ought also to be observed in taking of Place, and Sitting down for ceremonies without Bounds is troublesome.

28th If any one come to Speak to you while you are are Sitting Stand up tho he be your Inferiour, and when you Present Seats let it be to every one according to his Degree.

29th When you meet with one of Greater Quality than yourself, Stop, and retire especially if it be at a Door or any Straight place to give way for him to Pass.

30th In walking the highest Place in most Countrys Seems to be on the right hand therefore Place yourself on the left of him whom you desire to Honour: but if three walk together the middest Place is the most Honourable the wall is usually given to the most worthy if two walk together.

31st If any one far Surpassess others, either in age, Estate, or Merit yet would give Place to a meaner than himself in his own lodging or elsewhere the one ought not to except it, So he on the other part should not use much earnestness nor offer it above once or twice.

32d: To one that is your equal, or not much inferior you are to give the cheif Place in your Lodging and he to who 'tis offered ought at the first to refuse it but at the Second to accept though not without acknowledging his own unworthiness.

33d They that are in Dignity or in office have in all places Preceedency but whilst they are Young they ought to respect those that are their equals in Birth or other Qualitys, though they have no Publick charge.

34th It is good Manners to prefer them to whom we Speak before ourselves especially if they be above us with whom in no Sort we ought to begin.

35th Let your Discourse with Men of Business be Short and Comprehensive.

36th Artificers & Persons of low Degree ought not to use many ceremonies to Lords, or Others of high Degree but Respect and highly Honour them, and those of high Degree ought to treat them with affibility & Courtesie, without Arrogancy.

37th In Speaking to men of Quality do not lean nor Look them full in the Face, nor approach too near them at lest Keep a full Pace from them.

38th In visiting the Sick, do not Presently play the Physicion if you be not Knowing therein.

39th In writing or Speaking, give to every Person his due Title According to his Degree & the Custom of the Place.

40th Strive not with your Superiers in argument, but always Submit your Judgment to others with Modesty.

41st Undertake not to Teach your equal in the art himself Proffesses; it Savours of arrogancy.

42d Let thy ceremonies in Courtesie be proper to the Dignity of his place with whom thou conversest for it is absurd to act the same with a Clown and a Prince.

43d Do not express Joy before one sick or in pain for that contrary Passion will aggravate his Misery.

44th When a man does all he can though it Succeeds not well blame not him that did it.

45th Being to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it ought to be in publick or in Private; presently, or at Some other time in what terms to do it & in reproving Shew no Sign of Cholar but do it with all Sweetness and Mildness.

46th Take all Admonitions thankfully in what Time or Place Soever given but afterwards not being culpable take a Time & Place convenient to let him him know it that gave them.

47th Mock not nor Jest at any thing of Importance break no Jest that are Sharp Biting and if you Deliver any thing witty and Pleasent abstain from Laughing there at yourself.

48th Wherein wherein you reprove Another be unblameable yourself; for example is more prevalent than Precepts.

49th Use no Reproachfull Language against any one neither Curse nor Revile.

50th Be not hasty to beleive flying Reports to the Disparagement of any.

51st Wear not your Cloths, foul, unript or Dusty but See they be Brush'd once every day at least and take heed that you approach not to any Uncleaness.

52d In your Apparel be Modest and endeavour to accomodate Nature, rather than to procure Admiration keep to the Fashion of your equals Such as are Civil and orderly with respect to Times and Places.

53d Run not in the Streets, neither go too slowly nor with Mouth open go not Shaking yr Arms kick not the earth with yr feet, go not upon the Toes, nor in a Dancing fashion.

54th Play not the Peacock, looking every where about you, to See if you be well Deck't, if your Shoes fit well if your Stokings sit neatly, and Cloths handsomely.

55th Eat not in the Streets, nor in the House, out of Season.

56th Associate yourself with Men of good Quality if you Esteem your own Reputation; for 'tis better to be alone than in bad Company.

57th In walking up and Down in a House, only with One in Company if he be Greater than yourself, at the first give him the Right hand and Stop not till he does and be not the first that turns, and when you do turn let it be with your face towards him, if he be a Man of Great Quality, walk not with him Cheek by Joul but Somewhat behind him; but yet in Such a Manner that he may easily Speak to you.

58th Let your Conversation be without Malice or Envy, for 'tis a Sign of a Tractable and Commendable Nature: And in all Causes of Passion admit Reason to Govern.

59th Never express anything unbecoming, nor Act agst the Rules Moral before your inferiours.

60th Be not immodest in urging your Freinds to Discover a Secret.

61st Utter not base and frivilous things amongst grave and Learn'd Men nor very Difficult Questians or Subjects, among the Ignorant or things hard to be believed, Stuff not your Discourse with Sentences amongst your Betters nor Equals.

62d Speak not of doleful Things in a Time of Mirth or at the Table; Speak not of Melancholy Things as Death and Wounds, and if others Mention them Change if you can the Discourse tell not your Dreams, but to your intimate Friend.

63d A Man ought not to value himself of his Atchievements, or rare Qualities of wit; much less of his riches Virtue or Kindred.

64th Break not a Jest where none take pleasure in mirth Laugh not aloud, nor at all without Occasion, deride no mans Misfortune, tho' there Seem to be Some cause.

65th Speak not injurious Words neither in Jest nor Earnest Scoff at none although they give Occasion.

66th Be not forward but friendly and Courteous; the first to Salute hear and answer & be not Pensive when it's a time to Converse.

67th Detract not from others neither be excessive in Commanding.

68th Go not thither, where you know not, whether you Shall be Welcome or not. Give not Advice without being Ask'd & when desired do it briefly.

69th If two contend together take not the part of either unconstrained; and be not obstinate in your own Opinion, in Things indiferent be of the Major Side.

70th Reprehend not the imperfections of others for that belongs to Parents Masters and Superiours.

71st Gaze not on the marks or blemishes of Others and ask not how they came. What you may Speak in Secret to your Friend deliver not before others.

72d Speak not in an unknown Tongue in Company but in your own Language and that as those of Quality do and not as the Vulgar; Sublime matters treat Seriously.

73d Think before you Speak pronounce not imperfectly nor bring out your Words too hastily but orderly & distinctly.

74th When Another Speaks be attentive your Self and disturb not the Audience if any hesitate in his Words help him not nor Prompt him without desired, Interrupt him not, nor Answer him till his Speech be ended.

75th In the midst of Discourse ask not of what one treateth but if you Perceive any Stop because of your coming you may well intreat him gently to Proceed: If a Person of Quality comes in while your Conversing it's handsome to Repeat what was said before.

76th While you are talking, Point not with your Finger at him of Whom you Discourse nor Approach too near him to whom you talk especially to his face.

77th Treat with men at fit Times about Business & Whisper not in the Company of Others.

78th Make no Comparisons and if any of the Company be Commended for any brave act of Vertue, commend not another for the Same.

79th Be not apt to relate News if you know not the truth thereof. In Discoursing of things you Have heard Name not your Author always A Secret Discover not.

80th Be not Tedious in Discourse or in reading unless you find the Company pleased therewith.

81st Be not Curious to Know the Affairs of Others neither approach those that Speak in Private.

82d undertake not what you cannot perform but be carefull to keep your promise.

83d when you deliver a matter do it without passion & with discretion, however mean the person be you do it too.

84th When your Superiours talk to any Body hearken not neither Speak nor Laugh.

85th In Company of these of Higher Quality than yourself Speak not til you are ask'd a Question then Stand upright put of your Hat & Answer in few words.

86th In Disputes, be not So Desireous to Overcome as not to give Liberty to each one to deliver his Opinion and Submit to the Judgment of the Major Part especially if they are Judges of the Dispute.

87th Let thy carriage be such as becomes a Man Grave Settled and attentive to that which is spoken. Contradict not at every turn what others Say.

88th Be not tedious in Discourse, make not many Digressigns, nor repeat often the Same manner of Discourse.

89th Speak not Evil of the absent for it is unjust.

90th Being Set at meat Scratch not neither Spit Cough or blow your Nose except there's a Necessity for it.

91st Make no Shew of taking great Delight in your Victuals, Feed not with Greediness; cut your Bread with a Knife, lean not on the Table neither find fault with what you Eat.

92d Take no Salt or cut Bread with your Knife Greasy.

93d Entertaining any one at table it is decent to present him wt. meat, Undertake not to help others undesired by the Master.

94th If you Soak bread in the Sauce let it be no more than what you put in your Mouth at a time and blow not your broth at Table but Stay till Cools of it Self.

95th Put not your meat to your Mouth with your Knife in your hand neither Spit forth the Stones of any fruit Pye upon a Dish nor Cast anything under the table.

96th It's unbecoming to Stoop much to ones Meat Keep your Fingers clean & when foul wipe them on a Corner of your Table Napkin.

97th Put not another bit into your Mouth til the former be Swallowed let not your Morsels be too big for the Gowls.

98th Drink not nor talk with your mouth full neither Gaze about you while you are a Drinking.

99th Drink not too leisurely nor yet too hastily. Before and after Drinking wipe your Lips breath not then or Ever with too Great a Noise, for its uncivil.

100th Cleanse not your teeth with the Table Cloth Napkin Fork or Knife but if Others do it let it be done wt. a Pick Tooth.

101st Rince not your Mouth in the Presence of Others.

102d It is out of use to call upon the Company often to Eat nor need you Drink to others every Time you Drink.

103d In Company of your Betters be not longer in eating than they are lay not your Arm but only your hand upon the table.

104th It belongs to the Chiefest in Company to unfold his Napkin and fall to Meat first, But he ought then to Begin in time & to Dispatch with Dexterity that the Slowest may have time allowed him.

105th Be not Angry at Table whatever happens & if you have reason to be so, Shew it not but on a Chearfull Countenance especially if there be Strangers for Good Humour makes one Dish of Meat a Feast.

106th Set not yourself at the upper of the Table but if it Be your Due or that the Master of the house will have it So, Contend not, least you Should Trouble the Company.

107th If others talk at Table be attentive but talk not with Meat in your Mouth.

108th When you Speak of God or his Atributes, let it be Seriously & wt. Reverence. Honour & Obey your Natural Parents altho they be Poor.

109th Let your Recreations be Manfull not Sinfull.

110th Labour to keep alive in your Breast that Little Spark of Celestial fire Called Conscience.

Finis

*Washington, George. Rules of Civility & Decent Behaviour in Company and Conversation: a Book of Etiquette. Williamsburg, VA: Beaver Press, 1971.